scientific theory vs hypothesis

This is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory

What to Know A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been done. It is formed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data. Because of the rigors of experiment and control, it is much more likely that a theory will be true than a hypothesis.

As anyone who has worked in a laboratory or out in the field can tell you, science is about process: that of observing, making inferences about those observations, and then performing tests to see if the truth value of those inferences holds up. The scientific method is designed to be a rigorous procedure for acquiring knowledge about the world around us.

In scientific reasoning, a hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done. A theory, on the other hand, is supported by evidence: it's a principle formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data.

Toward that end, science employs a particular vocabulary for describing how ideas are proposed, tested, and supported or disproven. And that's where we see the difference between a hypothesis and a theory .

A hypothesis is an assumption, something proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is usually tentative, an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested.

When a character which has been lost in a breed, reappears after a great number of generations, the most probable hypothesis is, not that the offspring suddenly takes after an ancestor some hundred generations distant, but that in each successive generation there has been a tendency to reproduce the character in question, which at last, under unknown favourable conditions, gains an ascendancy. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species , 1859 According to one widely reported hypothesis , cell-phone transmissions were disrupting the bees' navigational abilities. (Few experts took the cell-phone conjecture seriously; as one scientist said to me, "If that were the case, Dave Hackenberg's hives would have been dead a long time ago.") Elizabeth Kolbert, The New Yorker , 6 Aug. 2007

What is a Theory?

A theory , in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang Theory . Because of the rigors of experimentation and control, its likelihood as truth is much higher than that of a hypothesis.

It is evident, on our theory , that coasts merely fringed by reefs cannot have subsided to any perceptible amount; and therefore they must, since the growth of their corals, either have remained stationary or have been upheaved. Now, it is remarkable how generally it can be shown, by the presence of upraised organic remains, that the fringed islands have been elevated: and so far, this is indirect evidence in favour of our theory . Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle , 1839 An example of a fundamental principle in physics, first proposed by Galileo in 1632 and extended by Einstein in 1905, is the following: All observers traveling at constant velocity relative to one another, should witness identical laws of nature. From this principle, Einstein derived his theory of special relativity. Alan Lightman, Harper's , December 2011

Non-Scientific Use

In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch (though theory is more common in this regard):

The theory of the teacher with all these immigrant kids was that if you spoke English loudly enough they would eventually understand. E. L. Doctorow, Loon Lake , 1979 Chicago is famous for asking questions for which there can be no boilerplate answers. Example: given the probability that the federal tax code, nondairy creamer, Dennis Rodman and the art of mime all came from outer space, name something else that has extraterrestrial origins and defend your hypothesis . John McCormick, Newsweek , 5 Apr. 1999 In his mind's eye, Miller saw his case suddenly taking form: Richard Bailey had Helen Brach killed because she was threatening to sue him over the horses she had purchased. It was, he realized, only a theory , but it was one he felt certain he could, in time, prove. Full of urgency, a man with a mission now that he had a hypothesis to guide him, he issued new orders to his troops: Find out everything you can about Richard Bailey and his crowd. Howard Blum, Vanity Fair , January 1995

And sometimes one term is used as a genus, or a means for defining the other:

Laplace's popular version of his astronomy, the Système du monde , was famous for introducing what came to be known as the nebular hypothesis , the theory that the solar system was formed by the condensation, through gradual cooling, of the gaseous atmosphere (the nebulae) surrounding the sun. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club , 2001 Researchers use this information to support the gateway drug theory — the hypothesis that using one intoxicating substance leads to future use of another. Jordy Byrd, The Pacific Northwest Inlander , 6 May 2015 Fox, the business and economics columnist for Time magazine, tells the story of the professors who enabled those abuses under the banner of the financial theory known as the efficient market hypothesis . Paul Krugman, The New York Times Book Review , 9 Aug. 2009

Incorrect Interpretations of "Theory"

Since this casual use does away with the distinctions upheld by the scientific community, hypothesis and theory are prone to being wrongly interpreted even when they are encountered in scientific contexts—or at least, contexts that allude to scientific study without making the critical distinction that scientists employ when weighing hypotheses and theories.

The most common occurrence is when theory is interpreted—and sometimes even gleefully seized upon—to mean something having less truth value than other scientific principles. (The word law applies to principles so firmly established that they are almost never questioned, such as the law of gravity.)

This mistake is one of projection: since we use theory in general use to mean something lightly speculated, then it's implied that scientists must be talking about the same level of uncertainty when they use theory to refer to their well-tested and reasoned principles.

The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has been challenged—notably, when a school board in Georgia put stickers on textbooks stating that evolution was "a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." As Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University, has said , a theory "doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess. A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

While theories are never completely infallible, they form the basis of scientific reasoning because, as Miller said "to the best of our ability, we’ve tested them, and they’ve held up."

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Hypothesis vs. Theory

A hypothesis is either a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena. In science , a theory is a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors. A theory is always backed by evidence; a hypothesis is only a suggested possible outcome, and is testable and falsifiable.

Comparison chart

Examples of theory and hypothesis.

Theory: Einstein's theory of relativity is a theory because it has been tested and verified innumerable times, with results consistently verifying Einstein's conclusion. However, simply because Einstein's conclusion has become a theory does not mean testing of this theory has stopped; all science is ongoing. See also the Big Bang theory , germ theory , and climate change .

Hypothesis: One might think that a prisoner who learns a work skill while in prison will be less likely to commit a crime when released. This is a hypothesis, an "educated guess." The scientific method can be used to test this hypothesis, to either prove it is false or prove that it warrants further study. (Note: Simply because a hypothesis is not found to be false does not mean it is true all or even most of the time. If it is consistently true after considerable time and research, it may be on its way to becoming a theory.)

This video further explains the difference between a theory and a hypothesis:

Common Misconception

People often tend to say "theory" when what they're actually talking about is a hypothesis. For instance, "Migraines are caused by drinking coffee after 2 p.m. — well, it's just a theory, not a rule."

This is actually a logically reasoned proposal based on an observation — say 2 instances of drinking coffee after 2 p.m. caused a migraine — but even if this were true, the migraine could have actually been caused by some other factors.

Because this observation is merely a reasoned possibility, it is testable and can be falsified — which makes it a hypothesis, not a theory.

• What is a Scientific Hypothesis? - LiveScience
• Wikipedia:Scientific theory

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Comments: Hypothesis vs Theory

Anonymous comments (2).

October 11, 2013, 1:11pm "In science, a theory is a well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven hypotheses." But there's no such thing as "proven hypotheses". Hypotheses can be tested/falsified, they can't be "proven". That's just not how science works. Logical deductions based on axioms can be proven, but not scientific hypotheses. On top of that I find it somewhat strange to claim that a theory doesn't have to be testable, if it's built up from hypotheses, which DO have to be testable... — 80.✗.✗.139

May 6, 2014, 11:45pm "Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." this statement is poorly formed because it implies that a thing is a theory until it gets proven and then it is somehow promoted to fact. this is just a misunderstanding of what the words mean, and of how science progresses generally. to say that a theory is inherently dubious because "it isn't a fact" is pretty much a meaningless statement. no expression which qualified as a mere fact could do a very good job of explaining the complicated process by which species have arisen on Earth over the last billion years. in fact, if you claimed that you could come up with such a single fact, now THAT would be dubious! everything we observe in nature supports the theory of evolution, and nothing we observe contradicts it. when you can say this about a theory, it's a pretty fair bet that the theory is correct. — 71.✗.✗.151

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• Understanding the Distinction: Scientific Theory vs. Scientific Hypothesis

When it comes to scientific research, it's crucial to grasp the fundamental difference between a scientific theory and a scientific hypothesis . While these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings and play different roles in the realm of science. A scientific hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction, serving as a starting point for investigation. On the other hand, a scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation backed by substantial evidence and rigorous testing. In this article, we delve into the nuances of these concepts, shedding light on their significance within the scientific community.

What is the difference between scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory? Understanding the contrast.

What answer best distinguishes between a hypothesis and a theory:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

When it comes to scientific inquiry, the terms "hypothesis" and "theory" are frequently used. While they may seem interchangeable, they have distinct meanings and play different roles in the scientific process.

Scientific Hypothesis:

A scientific hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or set of observations. It is an educated guess that is formulated based on existing knowledge and observations. Hypotheses serve as a starting point for scientific investigations and experiments. They are often framed as "if-then" statements, where the outcome is predicted if certain conditions are met.

However, it is important to note that a hypothesis is not considered a scientifically established fact. Instead, it is a tentative explanation that requires further testing and evidence to support or reject it. Hypotheses are subject to revision or refinement as new data emerges.

Scientific Theory:

In contrast, a scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a broad range of phenomena. It is based on a large body of evidence, observations, and experimental data. Theories are comprehensive explanations that offer a deep understanding of how and why certain natural phenomena occur.

The development of a scientific theory involves a rigorous process of repeated testing, experimentation, and validation. The body of evidence supporting a theory is extensive and comes from various sources, including controlled experiments, observational studies, and mathematical models.

Unlike a hypothesis, a scientific theory is widely accepted within the scientific community due to its consistency with multiple lines of evidence. It has undergone extensive scrutiny and has successfully withstood the tests of time.

Contrasting the Two:

One way to differentiate between a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory is to consider their scope. A hypothesis is narrower in focus, addressing a specific question or phenomenon, while a theory is more comprehensive and provides a broader framework for understanding natural phenomena.

Additionally, hypotheses are typically formulated early in the scientific inquiry process, while theories are developed after numerous experiments and observations have been conducted to establish a robust body of evidence.

Overall, scientific hypotheses and theories are both vital components of scientific research. Hypotheses drive investigation and experimentation, while theories provide a solid foundation for understanding the natural world. Their relationship is one of progression, as hypotheses can eventually evolve into theories as they are tested and supported by empirical evidence.

A hypothesis and a theory are both essential components of the scientific method, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or observation. It is an educated guess based on preliminary information or previous knowledge. Hypotheses are typically formulated before conducting experiments or gathering data to test their validity. They are often stated as "if-then" statements and are subject to empirical examination.

Once a hypothesis is formulated, researchers design experiments or collect data to either support or refute it. If the data consistently supports the hypothesis, it gains credibility but does not become a theory right away.

A theory , on the other hand, is a well-substantiated explanation for a broad set of observations or phenomena based on extensive evidence. It goes beyond a single hypothesis and integrates multiple lines of evidence from various experiments, observations, and scientific studies.

A theory is characterized by its ability to explain and predict phenomena accurately, its wide applicability across different contexts, and its consistency with existing scientific knowledge. It is also subject to peer review, scrutiny, and further testing by the scientific community.

In terms of the distinction between a hypothesis and a theory, the key difference lies in the strength and breadth of supporting evidence. While a hypothesis is an initial proposition that requires empirical testing, a theory represents a well-established and widely accepted explanation that has withstood extensive scrutiny.

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific explanation? Explained.

In the realm of scientific inquiry, it is crucial to understand the distinction between a scientific theory and a scientific explanation. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they carry distinct meanings and serve different purposes in the scientific community.

A scientific theory is an overarching framework that explains a wide range of related phenomena based on a substantial body of evidence. It is an extensively tested and widely accepted explanation that provides a broad understanding of how and why certain phenomena occur in the natural world.

Scientific theories are built upon rigorous observation, experimentation, and data analysis. They are subject to scrutiny, peer review, and refinement over time. A scientific theory is not a mere guess or speculation; it is a well-substantiated explanation that strives to make sense of complex phenomena.

For instance, the theory of evolution is a widely accepted scientific theory that explains the diversity of life on Earth, supported by a vast array of evidence from various scientific disciplines. It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how species evolve and adapt over time.

Scientific Explanation:

A scientific explanation, on the other hand, is a specific and focused account that seeks to clarify a particular phenomenon or set of observations within the context of an existing scientific theory. It aims to provide a detailed understanding of how and why a specific event or phenomenon occurs.

Scientific explanations are often narrower in scope than scientific theories and may focus on specific mechanisms, processes, or relationships within a broader theoretical framework. They are formulated based on empirical evidence and logical reasoning.

For example, within the theory of gravity, a scientific explanation could focus on elucidating the mechanism by which objects are attracted to one another due to the curvature of spacetime. This explanation would be specific to the phenomenon of gravity, providing a clear understanding of its underlying principles.

What is the difference between a conjecture hypothesis and a theory Why is the distinction important: Understanding their uniqueness

The Difference Between a Conjecture, Hypothesis, and Theory:

In the world of scientific research and exploration, the terms "conjecture," "hypothesis," and "theory" hold distinct meanings and play crucial roles in the advancement of knowledge. While they share similarities, it is important to understand their uniqueness.

Conjecture:

A conjecture is an idea or statement based on incomplete or limited evidence. It is essentially an educated guess or speculative proposal. Conjectures often serve as starting points for further investigation and research, aiming to be validated or disproven.

Hypothesis:

A hypothesis, on the other hand, is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on available evidence and prior knowledge. It is a testable statement that guides scientific investigations and experiments. Hypotheses seek to provide possible answers to specific questions or problems and are subject to empirical scrutiny.

A theory, in science, is a well-substantiated explanation for a broad range of observations, facts, and experimental findings. Unlike conjectures and hypotheses, theories undergo rigorous testing, analysis, and peer review before being widely accepted in the scientific community.

The Importance of Understanding Their Uniqueness:

Understanding the distinction between conjectures, hypotheses, and theories is crucial for several reasons:

• Clarity: Clearly defining these terms helps avoid confusion and ensures accurate communication among researchers. It allows for precise categorization of ideas at different stages of scientific inquiry.
• Evidence-Based Reasoning: Recognizing the hierarchy of these terms encourages scientists to base their claims on empirical evidence. This promotes logical and rational thinking, fostering a reliable foundation for scientific advancement.
• Progression of Knowledge: The progression from conjectures to hypotheses and finally to theories reflects the iterative nature of scientific inquiry. It signifies the refinement and consolidation of ideas as evidence accumulates, leading to the establishment of robust scientific principles.
• Validation and Rigor: The distinction between these terms emphasizes the importance of rigorous testing and peer review in scientific research. The process of subjecting hypotheses to experiments and theories to scrutiny ensures that scientific knowledge is reliable, valid, and constantly evolving.

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific hypothesis?

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation that has been extensively tested and supported by evidence. It is considered the highest level of scientific understanding and represents our best explanation for how a particular phenomenon works. On the other hand, a scientific hypothesis is a testable prediction or explanation for a specific observation or phenomenon. It serves as a starting point for scientific investigations and is subjected to further testing to determine its validity.

How are scientific theories and hypotheses developed?

Scientific theories and hypotheses are developed through a rigorous scientific process. Scientists make observations and gather data to formulate a hypothesis, which is then tested through experiments and observations. If the hypothesis is consistently supported by the evidence, it may eventually evolve into a scientific theory. The development of theories and hypotheses is an ongoing process in the scientific community, with new discoveries and advancements constantly shaping our understanding of the natural world.

Can a scientific hypothesis become a scientific theory?

Yes, a scientific hypothesis can potentially become a scientific theory if it consistently withstands rigorous testing and is supported by a substantial body of evidence. As scientists gather more data and conduct additional experiments, a hypothesis that initially started as a speculative explanation can develop into a theory. However, it is important to note that not all hypotheses become theories, as they may fail to pass the necessary scientific scrutiny or be disproven by new evidence.

Are scientific theories and hypotheses equally important?

Scientific theories and hypotheses play different roles in the scientific process and are not equally important. While hypotheses are crucial for formulating testable explanations and driving scientific investigations forward, theories represent the highest level of scientific understanding. Theories have withstood extensive testing, scrutiny, and have been supported by overwhelming evidence. They provide a comprehensive framework that integrates multiple hypotheses and observations, allowing scientists to make accurate predictions and further expand our knowledge of the natural world.

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Difference Between Hypothesis And Theory

Understanding the difference between a hypothesis and a theory is important in scientific research. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on limited evidence and requiring further investigation. While, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world, supported by strong evidence and repeated testing. This distinction highlights the progression from initial inquiry to established scientific understanding.

Differentiate between Hypothesis and Theory

Table of Content

What is a Hypothesis?

Examples of hypothesis, what is theory, examples of theory, difference between hypothesis and theory, similarities between hypothesis and theory, conclusion: difference between hypothesis and theory.

A hypothesis is a scientific ‘what if ‘ statement. It is your guess or prediction about something you’re curious about. It is the starting point of the scientific investigation, it is a way to make an informed guess that you can test through experiments and observations. In other words, hypothesis is the first step in unraveling the mysteries of the world.

• Biology: Hypothesis: If I water this plant every day it will grow taller than the plant I water only once a week – this hypothesis explores the cause and effect relationship between watering and frequency and plant growth .
• Physics: Hypothesis: Increase the temperature of a gas cause it to expand – this hypothesis explores the behavior of gases under changing temperature conditions
• Psychology: Hypothesis: Increased access to education will decrease crime rate in community – This Hypothesis explores to understand the potential of human emotions

A theory is not a wild guess, it is a robust and thoroughly tested idea that explains a particular phenomenon. Theory is a combination of evidence, data and experiments. It contains good standard in scientific understanding and is well established.

• Biology: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection : This Theory is proposed by Charles Darwin that explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection, here individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Physics: Theory of General Relativity: Albert Einstein’s Theory explains that gravity works by explaining relationship between space, time and presence of mass which leads to bending of light by massive objects.
• Psychology: Cognitive Development Theory: Jean Piaget’s Theory explains stages of cognitive development in children, emphasizing how they acquire knowledge, problem solving, thinking skills etc.

The difference between Hypothesis and Theory is as follows:

Similarities between Hypothesis and Theory are given below:

• Scientific Basis: Both are fundamental components of the scientific method.
• Explanation of Phenomena: Aim to explain natural phenomena and provide understanding of the natural world.
• Subject to Testing: Can be tested through experiments and observations.
• Require Evidence: Both rely on evidence to be validated or supported.
• Falsifiable: Both must be falsifiable, meaning they can be disproven by evidence.
• Predictive Power: Make predictions that can be tested by further research.
• Foundation for Research: Both serve as foundations for scientific research and experimentation.
• Dynamic Nature: Can be refined or revised based on new evidence and findings.
• Communication Tools: Used to communicate scientific ideas and findings to the broader community.
• Guidance for Studies: Both provide direction for future studies and experiments.

In conclusion, while both hypotheses and theories are important to scientific inquiry, they differ significantly in their roles and stages. A hypothesis is an initial, testable proposition, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on extensive evidence. Understanding these differences is essential for grasping the scientific method and the progression from questioning to comprehensive understanding.

Also Read: Hypothesis How to Write a Research Hypothesis- Step-By-Step Guide With Examples

FAQs on Difference Between Hypothesis And Theory

What is the main difference between a hypothesis and a theory in science.

A hypothesis is a guess based on limited evidence and theory is a well substantiated and comprehensive explanation that has extensive testing and research.

How do Hypotheses and Theories evolve in Science?

Hypotheses can evolve into theories when they are supported by a substantial evidence through repeated experiments and observations.

Can a Hypothesis become a Theory?

Yes, a hypothesis can develop into a theory when it contains significant evidence and is widely accepted within the scientific community. The process involves testing and validation.

Are Hypotheses less Important than Theories in Science?

No, both hypotheses and theories play crucial roles in scientific research. Hypotheses initiate investigations and guide experiments, theories provide a deep understanding of natural phenomena based on accumulated knowledge.

What Happens if a Hypothesis is not Supported by Evidence?

If a hypothesis is not supported by evidence from experiments or observations then it is either revised or rejected. This process of testing and modifying hypotheses is essential for scientific progress and accuracy.

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Hypothesis vs. Theory

What's the difference.

Hypothesis and theory are two terms commonly used in scientific research, but they have distinct meanings and purposes. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or observation. It is based on limited evidence and serves as a starting point for further investigation. In contrast, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation that has been extensively tested and supported by a wide range of evidence. It is a comprehensive framework that explains a broad set of phenomena and is widely accepted within the scientific community. While a hypothesis is more tentative and subject to change, a theory represents a higher level of confidence and understanding in the scientific field.

Further Detail

Introduction.

In the realm of scientific inquiry, hypotheses and theories play crucial roles in the development and understanding of knowledge. While both are essential components of the scientific method, they differ in their scope, level of evidence, and the degree of generalization they offer. This article aims to explore and compare the attributes of hypotheses and theories, shedding light on their distinct characteristics and their contributions to scientific progress.

Hypothesis: The Foundation of Scientific Inquiry

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or observation. It serves as the initial step in the scientific method, where researchers formulate educated guesses based on existing knowledge and observations. Hypotheses are typically testable and falsifiable, allowing scientists to design experiments or gather data to either support or reject them.

One key attribute of a hypothesis is its specificity. It focuses on a particular aspect of a phenomenon and aims to explain or predict it. For example, a hypothesis might propose that increased exposure to sunlight leads to higher vitamin D levels in humans. This hypothesis is specific to the relationship between sunlight and vitamin D, providing a clear direction for further investigation.

Furthermore, hypotheses are often based on preliminary evidence or observations. They are formulated to address gaps in knowledge or to explain puzzling phenomena. Hypotheses can be derived from existing theories or can emerge from exploratory research. They serve as the foundation for scientific inquiry, guiding researchers towards the collection of empirical evidence.

It is important to note that a hypothesis is not considered a proven fact, even if it is supported by initial evidence. It requires rigorous testing and validation through experimentation and data analysis. If a hypothesis withstands repeated testing and scrutiny, it may evolve into a theory.

Theory: A Comprehensive Explanation

A theory, in the scientific context, is a well-substantiated explanation that encompasses a wide range of observations, experiments, and hypotheses. Unlike a hypothesis, a theory is supported by a substantial body of evidence and has withstood extensive testing and scrutiny. Theories provide a comprehensive framework for understanding natural phenomena and have a higher level of generalization compared to hypotheses.

One key attribute of a theory is its ability to explain and predict a broad range of related phenomena. For example, the theory of evolution by natural selection explains the diversity of life on Earth, the fossil record, and the similarities between different species. Theories are built upon a foundation of multiple lines of evidence, including experimental data, observational studies, and mathematical models.

Theories are also subject to revision and refinement as new evidence emerges. However, this does not undermine their validity or significance. The process of scientific inquiry involves constantly challenging and refining existing theories to accommodate new findings. Theories are not static, but rather dynamic frameworks that adapt to incorporate new knowledge.

Moreover, theories are widely accepted within the scientific community due to their robustness and explanatory power. They have undergone rigorous peer review and scrutiny, ensuring that they meet the highest standards of scientific integrity. Theories provide a solid foundation for further research and serve as a basis for the development of new hypotheses.

Comparing Hypotheses and Theories

While hypotheses and theories share the common goal of explaining natural phenomena, they differ in several key attributes. Let's explore some of the main points of comparison:

Scope and Generalization

Hypotheses are typically narrow in scope, focusing on specific aspects of a phenomenon. They aim to explain or predict a particular observation or relationship. In contrast, theories have a broader scope and offer a higher level of generalization. They provide comprehensive explanations that encompass multiple phenomena and observations.

Evidence and Testing

Hypotheses are formulated based on preliminary evidence or observations. They serve as starting points for scientific investigation and require empirical testing to determine their validity. Hypotheses are often tested through experiments, data analysis, or observational studies. Theories, on the other hand, are supported by a substantial body of evidence. They have withstood extensive testing and scrutiny, incorporating multiple lines of evidence from various sources.

Level of Certainty

Due to their preliminary nature, hypotheses do not offer a high level of certainty. They are educated guesses that require further testing and validation. In contrast, theories provide a higher level of certainty and confidence. They are well-substantiated explanations that have been extensively tested and supported by a wide range of evidence.

Development and Evolution

Hypotheses are often derived from existing theories or emerge from exploratory research. They serve as the initial step in scientific inquiry and can evolve into theories if supported by substantial evidence. Theories, on the other hand, are the result of extensive research, testing, and refinement. They are dynamic frameworks that adapt to incorporate new evidence and insights.

Acceptance and Consensus

While hypotheses are subject to individual interpretation and may vary among researchers, theories are widely accepted within the scientific community. Theories have undergone rigorous peer review and scrutiny, ensuring a high level of consensus among experts. They provide a solid foundation for scientific understanding and guide further research.

In summary, hypotheses and theories are integral components of the scientific method, each serving distinct roles in the pursuit of knowledge. Hypotheses provide specific explanations or predictions for phenomena and act as the initial step in scientific inquiry. They require empirical testing and validation to determine their validity. Theories, on the other hand, offer comprehensive explanations that encompass a wide range of observations and have withstood extensive testing. They provide a higher level of generalization and serve as the foundation for scientific understanding. While hypotheses and theories differ in their scope, level of evidence, and generalization, they both contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and our understanding of the natural world.

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• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

The term ‘hypothesis’ is often contrasted with the term theory which implies an idea, typically proven, which aims at explaining facts and events. Both hypothesis and theory are important components of developing an approach, but these are not same. There exist a fine line of difference between hypothesis and theory, discussed in this article, have a look.

Content: Hypothesis Vs Theory

Comparison chart, definition of hypothesis.

An unproven statement or a mere assumption to be proved or disproved, about a factor, on which the researcher is interested, is called a hypothesis. It is a tentative statement, which is concerned with the relationship between two or more phenomena, as specified by the theoretical framework. The hypothesis has to go through a test, to determine its validity.

In other words, the hypothesis is a predictive statement, which can be objectively verified and tested through scientific methods, and relates the independent factor to the dependent one. To a researcher, a hypothesis is more like a question which he intends to resolve. The salient features of hypothesis are:

• It must be clear and precise or else the reliability of the inferences drawn will be questioned.
• It can be put to the test.
• If the hypothesis is relational, it should state the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
• The hypothesis should be open and responsive to testing within the stipulated time.
• It should be limited in scope and must be clearly defined.

Definition of Theory

An idea or a broad range of ideas that are assumed to be true, which aims at explaining cause and effect relationship between multiple observed phenomena. It is based on hypothesis, which after a thorough analysis and continuous testing and confirmation through observation and experiments, becomes a theory. As it is backed by evidence, it is scientifically proven.

Just like hypothesis, theories can also be accepted or rejected. As more and more information is gathered on the subject, theories are modified accordingly, to increase the accuracy of prediction over time.

Key Differences Between Hypothesis and Theory

The points given below are vital, so far as the difference between hypothesis and theory is concerned:

• Hypothesis refers to a supposition, based on few pieces of evidence, as an inception of further research or investigation. A theory is a well-affirmed explanation of natural phenomena, which is frequently validated through experimentation and observation.
• While the hypothesis is based on a little amount of data, the theory is based on a wide set of data.
• The hypothesis is an unproven statement; that can be tested. On the other hand, the theory is a scientifically tested and proven explanation of fact or event.
• Hypothesis relies on suggestions, prediction, possibility or projects whereas a theory is supported by evidence and is verified.
• The hypothesis may or may not be proved true, so the result is uncertain. On the contrary, the theory is one, that is assumed to be true and so its result is certain.
• Hypothesis and theory are two levels of the scientific method, i.e. theory follows hypothesis and the basis for research is hypothesis whose outcome is a theory.

Both hypothesis and theory are testable and falsifiable. When a hypothesis is proved true, by passing all critical tests and analysis, it becomes a theory. So, the hypothesis is very different from theory, as the former is something unproven but the latter is a proven and tested statement.

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BELLENS MOTEBEJANE says

July 15, 2019 at 2:31 pm

AMAIZING !WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEORY AND LAW?

February 17, 2022 at 3:47 am

Thanks, I’m finally clear on this for the first time in my life of 65 years

Curtis Le Gendre says

September 14, 2022 at 8:02 am

Great Information

Kenneth says

November 19, 2022 at 2:10 am

I was looking for some takes on this topic, and I found your article quite informative. It has given me a fresh perspective on the topic tackled. Thanks!

Stefanie Banis says

February 9, 2024 at 6:35 pm

Very informative! Thank you! I understand the difference much better now!

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Hypothesis vs. Theory: Understanding the Differences

“Hypothesis” and “theory” are two terms often used in science, but they have different meanings. Understanding the distinction between these two words can help us make sense of scientific explanations. In this article, we will explore the differences between “hypothesis” and “theory” in a way that is easy to understand. By the end, you’ll have a clearer grasp of these concepts and be able to use them confidently in scientific discussions.

Hypothesis vs. Theory

• A  hypothesis  is a preliminary assumption to be tested.
• A  theory  is a well-supported explanation for a broad range of phenomena.

Hypothesis vs. Theory: The Definition

What does hypothesis mean.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon or a scientific question that can be tested through experimentation or observation. It is an essential part of the scientific method, which involves formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments to test it, and analyzing the results to draw conclusions.

In scientific research, a hypothesis serves as a tentative solution to a problem or a preliminary explanation for an observed phenomenon. It is based on existing knowledge and is formulated to be tested and potentially refuted through empirical evidence. A well-constructed hypothesis is specific, testable, and falsifiable, meaning that it can be proven false through experimentation or observation.

• Example of a hypothesis : “If a person consumes more vitamin C, then their immune system will be stronger and they will have a lower likelihood of catching a cold.”

What Does Theory Mean?

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence, observations, and experimentation. In the scientific context, a theory is more than just a guess or a hypothesis; it is a comprehensive framework that has been rigorously tested and supported by a substantial amount of empirical data.

Scientific theories are developed through the scientific method, which involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing the results. As evidence accumulates and supports a particular explanation, it may be elevated to the status of a theory. Importantly, scientific theories are not static or unchangeable; they are subject to modification or even rejection in light of new evidence or more comprehensive explanations.

• Example of a theory: The theory of evolution, which explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection.

Hypothesis vs. Theory: Usage

You employ  hypotheses  during the early stages of research to develop experiments. For instance, you might hypothesize that a plant given more sunlight will grow faster.

A  theory , like the Theory of Evolution, summarizes a group of tested hypotheses and facts to explain a complex set of patterns and behaviors.

For a better understanding of the differences between the two terms, let’s take a look at the table below:

Tips to Remember the Differences

• Think of a  hypothesis  as a  “hunch”  to be tested.
• View a  theory  as a  “tapestry”  of well-tested ideas.
• Use the phrase  “hypothesis for testing”  and  “theory for explaining”  to keep them distinct in your mind.

Hypothesis vs. Theory: Examples

Example sentences using hypothesis.

• She formulated a  hypothesis  to explain the observed pattern in the data.
• The researchers tested their  hypothesis  through a series of carefully controlled experiments.
• The  hypothesis  proposed by the scientist led to a new understanding of the chemical reaction.
• It is essential to develop a clear and testable  hypothesis  before conducting the research.
• The  hypothesis  was supported by the experimental results, providing valuable insights into the phenomenon.

Example Sentences Using Theory

• Einstein ‘s  theory of relativity has fundamentally altered our understanding of space and time.
• Darwin’s theory of natural selection provides a framework for understanding the evolution of species.
• The germ theory of disease is fundamental in developing medical hygiene practices.
• The  Big Bang theory is widely accepted as the leading explanation for the origin of the universe.
• The  kinetic molecular theory  explains the behavior of gases, including their volume and temperature relationships.

Related Confused Words

Hypothesis vs thesis.

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction that is proposed before conducting a research study, while a thesis is a statement or theory put forward to be maintained or proved. In essence, a hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences, while a thesis is a proposition that is maintained by argument.

Both play distinct roles in the scientific and academic realms, with hypotheses guiding research and theses forming the central point of an argument or discussion.

Theory vs. Law

The primary difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law lies in their scope and function. A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence and has undergone rigorous testing and validation. In contrast, a scientific law describes a concise statement or mathematical equation that summarizes a wide variety of observations and experiments, often expressing a fundamental principle of nature.

While a theory provides an overarching framework for understanding a phenomenon, a law describes a specific, observable relationship. Both theory and law are vital components of scientific understanding, with theories offering explanations and laws providing concise descriptions of natural phenomena.

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Hypothesis vs. Theory — What's the Difference?

Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

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What is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory?

In scientific discourse, terms like “hypothesis” and “theory” have distinct and critical roles. Both are essential for the advancement of scientific understanding, but they occupy different stages of the scientific process. The primary difference is that a hypothesis is an educated guess to be tested, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of phenomena based on accumulated evidence.

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction made about a particular phenomenon or relationship. It’s a statement that can be tested through experimentation, observation, or other scientific methods. Typically, a hypothesis is formulated based on preliminary observations or background knowledge and is the starting point for many scientific investigations.

After formulating a hypothesis, researchers design experiments to test its validity. If the hypothesis is repeatedly supported by evidence, it might lead to the development of broader theories. However, if evidence contradicts the hypothesis, it might be revised or discarded.

• A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about a phenomenon.
• It’s testable through scientific methods.
• Hypotheses arise from initial observations or background knowledge.
• They serve as starting points for scientific investigations.

What is a Theory?

A theory, in the context of science, is a comprehensive explanation for a set of verified, well-substantiated observations or phenomena. Unlike hypotheses, theories have undergone extensive testing and scrutiny and are supported by a significant body of evidence. Theories are not mere speculations but are grounded in empirical evidence.

For instance, the theory of gravity or the theory of evolution are comprehensive explanations for observed phenomena and have stood up against rigorous scientific examination. Over time, as new evidence is gathered, theories can be refined, expanded, or even replaced.

• A theory is a comprehensive explanation for a set of observations.
• Theories are supported by a vast body of evidence.
• They’ve undergone rigorous testing and scrutiny.
• Theories can be refined or replaced based on new evidence.

What are the Similarities Between a Hypothesis and a Theory?

Both hypotheses and theories are integral to the scientific method. They represent stages in our understanding, guiding research, and encouraging further inquiry. Neither are absolute: both can be revised or replaced based on new evidence or perspectives.

Both are meant to be testable and falsifiable. This means that for a hypothesis or theory to be scientifically valid, there must be potential observations that could prove it wrong. For instance, both guide experimental design, with the goal of either supporting or refuting the proposed idea.

• Both are central to the scientific method.
• Neither are absolute and can be revised with new evidence.
• Both are meant to be testable and falsifiable.
• They guide research and experimental design.

While both are foundational in science, they are at different stages of understanding. A hypothesis is the initial step, an educated guess that provides a starting point for research. It’s specific, focused, and awaits testing. A theory, on the other hand, is a broad explanation that has withstood repeated testing and is supported by a vast amount of evidence.

It’s essential to understand that in science, the term “theory” doesn’t mean a mere guess, as might be implied in everyday language. Instead, it represents a pinnacle of understanding, a consolidated explanation backed by considerable evidence.

• A hypothesis is an initial, testable prediction.
• Theories are broad explanations supported by vast evidence.
• Hypotheses await testing, while theories have withstood repeated scrutiny.
• “Theory” in science doesn’t mean a mere guess.

Summary – Hypothesis vs Theory

In the scientific landscape, both hypotheses and theories are pivotal, but they signify different stages of understanding. A hypothesis is an educated prediction awaiting testing, while a theory is an established explanation backed by a wealth of evidence. Recognizing the distinction between these terms is crucial for understanding the progression of scientific knowledge.

Facts about Hypothesis

• The word “hypothesis” comes from the Greek word “hypothesis,” meaning “to put under” or “to suppose.”
• Hypotheses are often used in experiments to test cause-and-effect relationships.
• If disproven, a hypothesis can lead to new questions and hypotheses.
• A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis that proposes no effect or relationship.

Facts about Theory

• The word “theory” is derived from the Greek word “theoria,” which means “contemplation” or “speculation.”
• A scientific theory differs from a law, which describes a consistent relationship but doesn’t explain it.
• Theories can span across multiple scientific disciplines.
• Notable theories include Einstein’s theory of relativity and Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• Not directly. While repeated support for a hypothesis can lead to theory development, a theory encompasses a broader set of observations and has undergone extensive testing.
• No. In science, theories are supported by evidence but are open to revision or replacement based on new findings.
• Yes. New hypotheses can challenge established theories, leading to deeper understanding and potential revisions.
• A theory explains a phenomenon, while a law describes a consistent relationship without explaining the reason for it.
• Absolutely. As new evidence emerges, theories can be refined, expanded, or replaced.
• They provide a starting point for investigations, guiding the research process.
• It should be testable, falsifiable, and based on existing knowledge.
• No. While supported by evidence, theories are open to challenge and revision based on new evidence.
• There’s no set number, but it must undergo rigorous testing to ensure its validity.
• Can a theory be downgraded to a hypothesis?
• Not usually. If a theory is disproven or revised, it doesn’t revert to a hypothesis but may be replaced or refined.

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