soap boat experiment explanation

Soap Boat Experiment

One day, my 4-year-old daughter asked, “What is science?”

“Well, remember you always ask me Why — ? Why is the sky blue ? Why is sunset orange ? Why are bubbles round ?” I answered.

“ Science helps us find out answers to these whys!”

My daughter’s question came at the perfect time when I received the new book Ada Twist, Scientist * whose creator wrote the New York Times bestselling picture books  Rosie Revere, Engineer and Iggy Peck, Architect.

My four year-old couldn’t read yet, but she was intrigued when I told her about this book.

Like her, scientist Ada is always curious and wants to know why to everything.

She likes to conduct scientific experiments and is not afraid of failure.

She also asks lots of questions and searches for the answers.

What better way to illustrate the spirit of Ada Twist than doing a science experiment ourselves to explore, discover and learn?

Soap-Powered Boat

A few weeks ago, we did an experiment using pepper, water and liquid soap .

After sprinkling some pepper in the water, we were able to use liquid soap to move and scatter the pepper.

We wondered if liquid soap could do the same thing to a boat, making it move across the water.

Can soap power a boat?

Soap Powered Boat

Today, we are building a soap-powered boat to learn about an important water property.

• a sheet of clear PVC plastic or styrofoam (I used a clear PVC gift box)
• (Optional) color paper and a stick
• liquid dish soap
• a wide container or a tray
• a dropper or a drinking straw
• adult supervision

Instructions

• Cut the sheet of plastic or styrofoam into the shape of a boat.
• At the end of the boat, cut a small notch.

• Fill the container or the tray with a thin layer of water.
• Place the boat in the water.
• Using a dropper or a drinking straw, put a drop of liquid soap into the notch at the end of the boat and watch your boat move forward!

Did you try this project?

Follow us on Pinterest and share a photo!

Do you have a hypothesis on why the boat moves?

After the boat has stopped, repeat the experiment a few more times in the same pool of water and see what happens.

Are you able to prove or disprove your hypothesis?

Soap powered boat explanation

If your boat is lightweight (not too many decorations), it should float and move forward quickly when you put the first drop of soap into the notch.

The boat moves because the soap alters the water’s surface tension .

Water molecules (the tiny little pieces of water) tend to stick to one another (cohesion).

On the surface of the water , water molecules are more attracted to other water molecules than to the air resulting in surface tension .

In this experiment, the “boat” can float on water due to this surface tension.

Water has high surface tension, which means the molecules are pulling each other on the surface very strongly.

Soap is a surfactant that breaks down water’s surface tension by giving water molecules something else to be attracted to (soap molecules).

When a drop of soap is placed in the notch, the surface tension of the water in that small area is reduced.

The high surface tension in the rest of the surface of the water pulls the water away from the area with low surface tension dragging the boat with it.

After repeating the experiment several times, the boat stops moving despite adding more soap.

By then, the surface tension in the entire pool of water has been broken.

When the surface tension difference between the front and the back of the boat disappears, the water will not be pulled and the boat will not move.

The Book Ada Twist, Scientist

Ada Twist, Scientist is an amazing picture book for children. Ada is a budding scientist who asks Whys, proposes hypotheses, overcomes failure and looks for answers. Ada Twist, Scientist will be released on September 6th, 2016.

More Experiments

For more Ada Twist, Scientist experiments, visit http://www.abramsbooks.com/adatwist/ .

Questacon, The National Science And Technology Center

* My daughter received a free copy of Ada Twist, Scientist and a signed print.

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Soap Powered Boat Experiment

Today, we’re diving into a captivating experiment that introduces the concept of surface tension: the soap powered boat experiment . This hands-on science activity allows kids to observe firsthand how soap influences the movement of a small boat on the water’s surface. Plus, it’s a great way for kids of all ages to play with science.

Fun Surface Tension Experiments

Exploring surface tension through hands-on experiments offers an engaging way for kids to discover the fascinating properties of liquids. From observing the mesmerizing movement of a soap-powered boat to experimenting with other everyday materials, these activities not only spark curiosity but also lay the foundation for understanding fundamental scientific concepts.

Find more surface tension experiments here.

Watch the Video:

How to set up soap powered boat experiment.

Setting up the Soap-Powered Boat Experiment is straightforward and requires only a few materials. Here’s a step-by-step guide to get you started:

Materials Needed:

• A shallow container or basin large enough to float the boat and hold water
• Boat printable
• A small, lightweight boat (can be made of materials such as plastic, foam, or balsa wood)
• Liquid soap or detergent
• Optional: stopwatch or timer for measuring speed
• Printable science journal sheets

Instructions:

Follow along with the video above, or join us in the club for a printable version of the video!

Step 1: Prepare the Container . Fill the shallow container or basin with enough water to float the boat without touching the bottom of the container.

Step 2: Design and Prepare the Boat . Design a small, lightweight, and buoyant boat. You can construct the boat using foam board, plastic bottles, or lightweight wood. Make sure it floats!

Step 3: Add Soap . Add a small amount of liquid soap or detergent to the water in the container. The soap should be enough to change surface tension noticeably but not so much that it becomes too sudsy.

Step 4: Test the Boat . Gently place the boat on the surface of the water and observe how it floats and moves without any external force.

Step 5: Activate the Boat: Add a drop of dish soap to the water’s surface near the back of the boat to activate the soap-powered propulsion.

Step 6: Observe and Measure  Watch as the soap disrupts the water’s surface tension and propels the boat forward. If desired, use a stopwatch or timer to measure the time the boat travels a certain distance.

Step 7: Experiment and Adjust.  Experiment with different variables, such as the amount of soap used, the design of the boat, and the water conditions, to see how they affect the boat’s speed and movement. Take note of any patterns or observations.

Step 8: Record Your Findings  Record your observations, measurements, and any adjustments made during the experiment.

Soap Powered Boat Science

The Soap-Powered Boat Experiment demonstrates the fundamental principles of surface tension and propulsion. When added to water, soap disrupts the cohesive forces at the water’s surface, reducing surface tension. This disruption creates a gradient in surface tension, with higher tension at the water’s surface and lower tension beneath.

Gradient: A gradient in surface tension means that the strength of the “skin” on the surface of a liquid isn’t the same everywhere. It changes across the surface. This can happen when adding substances like soap. It can weaken the surface tension in some areas and strengthen it in others.

When the soap boat is placed on the water, the higher surface tension at the front of the boat pushes it forward, while the lower tension at the back allows it to move smoothly through the water. This experiment illustrates how a common material like soap can profoundly affect the behavior of liquids.

Check out more ways to explore surface tension here!

Add the Scientific Method

Incorporating the scientific method into the Soap-Powered Boat Experiment enhances the process of inquiry and discovery.

Science projects are an excellent tool for older kids to demonstrate their science knowledge. They can be used in various environments, including classrooms and groups.

Kids can take everything they have learned about using the scientific method , stating a hypothesis, choosing variables , making observations , and analyzing and presenting data.

Want to turn one of these experiments into an excellent science fair project? Check out these helpful resources.

• Science Project Tips From A Teacher
• Science Fair Board Ideas
• Easy Science Fair Projects

More Science Experiments for Kids

Here are similar experiments that explore different aspects of surface tension , buoyancy , and fluid dynamics:

• Alka Seltzer Boat Experiment
• Walking Water Experiment
• Floating Paperclip Experiment
• Dancing Raisins Experiment
• Capillary Action Experiments
• Buoyancy: Penny Boat Challenge

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Soap powered boat

Follow FizzicsEd 150 Science Experiments:

You will need:

• Cardboard or balsa wood (laminated paper or a thin plastic chopping board works well too)
• Tub of water, scissors and glue
• Detergent or soap
• This image to print out

• Instruction

Print, cut out and glue the picture here onto some cardboard, or copy it onto your piece of balsa wood.

We’ve found that thin plastic such as a chopping board works well too!

Cut out the boat picture, along the black lines, to make your small boat.

Place the boat into a tub of water.

Place a drop of detergent, or soap, onto the ‘target’ of the boat.

Why does the boat travel forwards?

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Why Does This Happen?

The movement of the soap powered boat can be explained by a combination of three principles. All liquids have surface tension along the surface of a liquid, caused by intermolecular forces within the liquid pulling liquid molecules together. Because of surface tension, liquid surfaces act like a kind of ‘skin’, able to support small insects and materials on their surface.

Isaac Newton’s third law of motion says for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The movement of the detergent provides a ‘pushing force’ backward into the water surface as the detergent molecules spread out, sending the boat forward… i.e. an equal and opposite motion.

The Marangoni effect is also acting upon the boat. This effect describes how a liquid with a high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than a liquid with low surface tension. If you change the surface tension of some parts of the liquid you introduce a difference in surface tension or ‘gradient’. A presence of a surface tension gradient will cause the liquid to flow from areas of low surface tension to high surface tension. Your detergent molecules reduced the water surface tension behind the boat, causing the water (and the boat) to move forwards.

To repeat the experiment you may have to get clean water without detergent so that the surface tension is equal throughout the water.

Variables to test

More on variables here

• Try different shapes of boats and amounts of detergent, does it make a difference?
• What happens if you use soap instead of detergent?

Learn more!

• Teaching about Newton’s laws? Check out the Forces, Friction & Movement workshop!

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4 thoughts on “ Soap powered boat ”

very clear and good article easy to understand. Thank you

Where is the picture to cut out?

Thanks for the heads up! The link above has been fixed. You can get the image here . Thanks for trying this experiment!

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• EXPERIMENTS

How does a change in surface tension affect forces on an object?

Key Concepts

Introduction

Have you ever woken up early in the morning and gone outside to find little beads of water perched on the tips of blades of grass? Why doesn’t the water fall off? You might also think of the water strider insect, which seemingly skates atop the surface of the water with ease. These instances are possible due to surface tension, which is the tendency for the surface of a liquid to be strong. What changes occur when the surface tensions of two different liquids are combined? We will seek out the answer to this tense question in the following experiment.

Much of what we now know about surface tension was discovered by the scientist, Agnes Pockels, who was an early pioneer of “surface science.” She did experiments in the sink of her own kitchen and made many important observations that influenced how we study liquids. Surface tension is not only important for many engineering processes - it is also important to the health of the planet, as it allows for the formation of bubbles, which help distribute organic material throughout the layers of the ocean. Today we’re going to do an experiment that will help us better understand how surface tension can be altered with soap and water.

• An adult helper
• Bread clip or notecard cut into a similar shape
• Liquid soap (dish soap works best)
• Cotton swab or toothpick (optional)

Preparation

• Trim the bread clip into the shape of a boat’s hull - make sure the back of the boat is where the notch in the clip is. You may want an adult to help you with this step. If you don’t have a bread clip, cut out a boat shape (like a pentagon) from a notecard and make a notch in the back of the boat. 
• Fill a bowl with water from the tap.
• Make a prediction: What will happen if you put soap into the notch on the back of the boat?
• Place the boat in the water, close to the edge of the bowl
• Use your finger, a toothpick or a cotton swab to dab some dish soap in the notch in the back of the boat. See what happens!  

Observation and Result

More to explore, safety first & adult supervision.

• Follow the experiment’s instructions carefully.
• A responsible adult should assist with each experiment.
• While science experiments at home are exciting ways to learn about science hands-on, please note that some may require participants to take extra safety precautions and/or make a mess.
• Adults should handle or assist with potentially harmful materials or sharp objects.
• Adult should review each experiment and determine what the appropriate age is for the student’s participation in each activity before conducting any experiment.

Next Generation Science Standard (NGSS) Supported - Disciplinary Core Ideas

This experiment was selected for Science at Home because it teaches NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas, which have broad importance within or across multiple science or engineering disciplines.

Learn more about how this experiment is based in NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas.

Physical Science (PS) 1 – Matter and Its Interactions

• 2-PS1-1. Different kinds of matter exist and many of them can be either solid or liquid (or gas).
• 2-PS1-2. Different properties are suited to different purposes.
• 5-PS1-1. Matter of any type can be subdivided into particles that are too small to see but even then, the matter still exists and can be detected by other means.
• 5-PS1-3. Measurements of a variety of properties can be used to identify materials.
• MS-PS1-1. Substances are made of different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms.
• MS-PS1-4. Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other. In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others.

Grades 9-12

• HS-PS1-1. Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
• HS-PS1-3. The structure and interactions of matter at the bulk scale are determined by electrical forces within and between atoms.

PS2 – Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

• K-PS2-1. Pushes and pulls can have different strengths and directions.
• K-PS2-2. Pushing or pulling on an object can change the speed or direction of its motion and can start or stop it.
• 3-PS2-1. Each force acts on one particular object and has both strength and a direction.
• MS-PS2-1. For any pair of interacting objects, the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction.
• K-PS2-1. When objects touch or collide, they push on one another and can change motion.
• 3-PS2-1. Objects in contact exert forces on each other.
• HS-PS2-6. Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter, as well as the contact forces between material objects.

Find more fun experiments to discover Science at Home

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Sail Away with Soap: Build a soap-powered boat

Surface tension can be challenging to explain, but it’s really easy to demonstrate!

The Soap-Powered Boat STEM experiment demonstrates how the surface tension of water can be disrupted using the power of dishwashing liquid. The dishwashing liquid reduces the surface tension at the back of the boat, and the stronger surface tension at the front of the boat pulls and propels the boat forward.

Let’s get sailing!

How to make the Soap-Powered Boat experiment

Supplies you will need.

For this experiment, you’ll need:

• A small leaf
• A large tray of water

Before you start

We found that we had to use a new leaf each time we wanted to do the experiment, otherwise it wouldn’t work properly.

Instructions

Here is how to do this experiment with your child:

Step 1: Cut a small notch in the leaf

In the back of the leaf, cut a small notch (see picture). This is where we will add the dishwashing liquid.

We chose to cut the notch at the heaviest point of the leaf, where the stem is.

Step 2: Add dishwashing liquid to the boat

Use your pipette or dropper to gather some dishwashing liquid.

In the notch of the leaf, add a small drop of the soap and watch your boat take off!

Here are some extension activities, if you want to keep the fun going:

• Time the boat to see how fast it makes it across the water (turns it into a math experiment!)
• Measure the distance the boat travels (also turns it into a math experiment!)

The STEM behind the Soap-Powered Boat experiment

This experiment teaches:

Surface tension

Observation, cause-and-effect, how it works.

Water molecules are polar (oppositely charged) and therefore very attracted to other water molecules. That attraction causes a high surface tension in our container of water.

Dishwashing detergent has two ends, one of which is polar and the other is hydrophobic (water-hating). That polar end is attracted to the polar water molecules, and that reduces the surface tension.

So when we add soap to the back of the boat, it reduces the surface tension there. The stronger surface tension at the front of the boat pulls it forward, propelling the boat.

We can demonstrate surface tension by observing how the soap affects the boat’s movement.

The water’s surface acts like a stretchy skin due to surface tension. When soap is added, it breaks this “skin” at the back of the boat, where we cut the small notch and added the soap.

This imbalance in surface tension creates a force that propels the boat forward. By experimenting with different amounts of soap and boat designs, kids can visually see how surface tension influences the boat’s behavior.

Have your child make some observations about the boat:

• How did the dishwashing liquid affect the boat?
• Did the shape affect the boat’s speed? (if you made multiple boats to compare to one another)
• Why did we place the dishwashing liquid at the back of the boat? What would have happened if we placed it in front of the boat instead?

Making observations about the experiment helps to solidify the lesson!

Kids can observe cause and effect through this experiment by changing something in the experiment (adding dish detergent) and watching how that affects the boat.

Cause-and-effect thinking empowers children to make sense of their world, learn from their experiences, and develop problem-solving abilities.

More experiments about surface tension to try out with your child

• Magic Milk Science Experiment

H2-Oh My! A holey bottle that will not leak!

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Soap powered boats

Make soap powered boats and learn how soap affects the way water molecules hold onto each other.

Make  boats that race across water, powered by soap.

ExpeRiment  with different liquids to see if they produce the same effect.

Learn  how soap affects the way water molecules hold onto each other.

About this activity

Comedian Rufus Hound and his son Alby make soap powered boats and learn how soap affects the way water molecules hold onto each other.

Rufus and Alby do a science magic trick with some pepper (or oregano, if that’s your flavour), washing up liquid and water. Watch the flakes shoot across the water at the touch of a finger. They experiment with different liquids, investigating how substances around the house affect the surface of water. The dramatic effect you see is because the soap weakens the pull that water molecules have on each other. As a result, as the soap spreads over the surface of the water, the water is able to pull away, taking the oregano or pepper with it.

This amazing trick can be used to make a great activity. Cut a boat shape out of a drinks carton, with a little space at the back (for the ‘engine’). When you add a drop of soap in the hole, it pushes water out, backwards. The water moving out the back of the boat pushes it forward, just as hot gases coming out of the bottom of a rocket push it upwards.

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